BBE 4362/5362 Pulping and Bleaching (4 credits)
| Catalog Description: |
Chemistry/technologies in producing paper-making raw
material. Focuses on wood pulping/bleaching, including
non-wood fibers and recycled fiber materials.
|
| Prerequisites: |
BP
4305W, Chem 2301, Chem 2302
|
| Class/Laboratory Schedule: |
online, independent study
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| Location: |
online
|
| Instructors: |
Instructor: Ulrike
Tschirner
phone (612) 624-8798
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| Text: |
No textbook required, material used will be
from the following books:
Pulp Bleaching, Principles and Practice,
C. Dence TAPPI Press 1996
Pulp and Paper Chemistry and Technology,
Casey Vol I-IV, Wiley-Interscience Publications 1981
Pulp and Paper Manufacture
TAPPI Joint Textbook Committee, 1985, Vol 1-5
Handbook for Pulp and Paper Technologists, 2nd Edition
G. Smook, Angus Wilde Publications, 1992
Handbook of Pulping and Papermaking, 2nd Edition
J. Bierman, Academic Press, 1996
Modern mechanical pulping, K.Patrick
Miller Freeman Publications, 1989
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| Grading: |
Grading (undergraduate):
Homework: 4 homework assignments 20 %
Exams: 4 exams 25 %
Participation 5 %*
Lab : 25 % **
Final: 25 % ***
* Participation grade will be based on performance in
lab and will take in consideration how well you are prepared,
presence, general involvement in the activity. There
will be a self evaluation form for the groups at the
end of the class.
** Lab grade will be based on reports and work sheets
submitted. There will be two reports, counting for 80
% of the lab grade (50 % based on writing and 50 % based
on technical merit of reports). Remaining 20 % will be
based on submitted worksheets and one evaluation of a
written report ( counts as additional worksheet). Reports
and worksheets are due two weeks after completion of
data collection. I will reduce grade for reports/worksheets
that are submitted late (10% for every day it is late!!!)
** Final will be closed book for the lecture part of
class and open book for the lab section of class.
|
Overview
This Junior-level course describes in detail the fundamentals
and the technology of manufacturing of papermaking fibers. This
includes mechanical and chemical pulping procedures, bleaching
processes used for the different fibers and resulting fiber properties.
The majority of the class is focuses on the use of wood as papermaking
raw material. But the use of recycled fiber and non-wood fibers
is also included. This information will obviously be valuable for
students working in a pulp mill, but it also will provide important
information for papermakers, since understanding of the raw material
is an essential step towards improvements in paper production.
Prerequisites:
- Understanding of basic organic chemistry
- BP 4305:
Pulp and Paper Technology or instructor’s consent
- This course requires computer and Internet skills (such as
word processing, browsing the Web, uploading and downloading
files, and using e-mail with file attachments). It also requires
a printer and near-daily access to the Web.
Any questions or concerns related to prerequisites should be addresses
to the instructor (see e-mail and phone contact above).
Course Requirements:
- 4 homework assignments
- 4 exams
- final
- one lab report
- 7 short lab summaries
Course Syllabus
A. Pulping Processes
- General overview
- General characterization of pulping processes
- Mechanical pulping
- 2.1 Groundwood
- Groundwood (GW), Pressurized Groundwood (PGW)
- Process, equipment
- Theory of Grinding
- Fiber characteristics
- 2.2 Refiner Mechanical Pulp (RMP)
- Process, equipment
- Difference to groundwood Process, equipment
- 2.3 Thermo Mechanical Pulping
- Improvements/ disadvantages over RMP and GW
- Energy consumption
- Heat recovery
- 2.4 CTMP/ BCTMP
- Established processes, advantages and disadvantages
- Newer developments (in refiner bleaching, “softening” of
chips by fungi)
- Chemical Pulping
- 3.1.1 Kraft pulping process
- Chemicals and reactions involved in Kraft process
- Influence of wood species
- Response of lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose,
extractives
- H-factor, G-factor, reaction kinetics
- Characteristics of Kraft pulp fibers
- 3.1.2 Cooking Equipment
- Batch Digester
- Continuos digester
- 3.1.3 Kraft recovery system
- Reactions and chemicals involved
- 3.2 Sulfite pulping
- Chemical and reactions involved
- Function of different "bases"
- Response of lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose,
extractives
- Pulp characteristics, including comparison with
Kraft pulp
- 3.2.2.Recovery system for Sulfite pulping
- Current technology
- Current problems
- 3.3 Soda, Soda Anthraquinon pulping
- General use of Soda pulping
- Effect of Anthraquinon catalyst *
- Advantages/ disadvantages
- 3.5 Newer developments in chemical pulping
- Neutral/ alkaline Sulfite
- Extended dilignification
- Rapid Displacement Heating ( RDH)
- Semichemical pulping
- 4.1 General overview of semichemical pulps
- 4.2 Semichemical pulping processes
- Characteristics of processes uses
- Fiber characteristics, difference to chemical/mechanical
pulps
B. Pulp Bleaching
- Overview
- General differences between bleaching chemical pulps
and mechanical pulps
- Terminology
- Optical properties
- Brightness reversion, cause and prevention
- Chemical Pulp Bleaching
- 2.1. Chlorine Bleaching
- Chlorine production
- Reaction of chlorine with pulp components
- Reactions occurring during follow up caustic extraction
- Conditions and equipment
- Environmental issues
- 2.2. Chlorine Dioxide Bleaching
- Chlorine Dioxide production
- Reactions with pulp components
- Difference in reaction path to chlorine bleaching
- Conditions and equipment
- 2.3. Hypochlorite Bleaching
- Hypochlorite production
- Reactions, conditions, equipment
- Differences in pulp properties
- 2.4. Newer developments in chemical pulp bleaching:
- Ozone
- Oxygen
- Bio bleaching
- Peracids ( including acid peroxide)
- reactions, fiber characteristics, specific advantages
and problems
- Mechanical Pulp bleaching
- 3.1 . Alkaline peroxide
- Stabilization of peroxide
- Reactions of peroxide with wood components
- Reaction conditions
- Factors influencing bleaching response
- Equipment
- 3.2 Hydrosulfite
- Reactions with pulp, decomposition with oxygen
- Limitations, advantages
- Equipment used
- 3.3. FAS Bleaching
- Advantages/disadvantages over Hydrosulfite
- Pulping and Bleaching of Non-wood raw materials
- 4.1 Cereal Straw
- Processes used for straw pulping
- Fiber characteristics
- Examples of existing mills
- 4.2 Bagass as raw material
- 4.3 Kenaf, Flax, Bamboo and others
- Bleaching of Recycled Fiber
- Recycled Fiber grades
- Bleaching practices
- Dye "killing"
- Removal of optical brighteners
- Biotechnology
- Fungi and Bacteria
- Biodegradation processes
- Biological methods in waste treatment
- Slime control
Lab section:
- Mechanical pulping
- Kraft cooking
- Oxygen bleaching
- KAPPA number
- Chlorine Dioxide Bleaching
- Viscosity measurements
- Peroxide Bleaching
- BauerMcNett Classification
- Kajaani Fiber analyzer
- Color testing and Fiber ID
Labs are being demonstrated on a cd-rom. Students are given excel
spreadsheets with data and are required to process data. One lab
report and 7 short (1/2 page) summaries are required.
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